THE WORLD OF WORDS

Words have a curious life of their own. Some of them rise in reputation, some are pushed into oblivion while others experience an irreversible downfall; gravitational force seems to be at work in their world too!!! The fate of words is just as unpredictable as that of human beings. No sensible person would attempt detailing the story of all words in an article. Assuming that I belong to the world of those sensible people I’m here going to tell you the life history of a few words that I have selected in an arbitrary manner.
Most often words acquire a derogatory meaning in the course of time, which is a sad commentary on the human psyche. These words have fallen into disrepute, thanks to the vagaries of the human mind.
The word villain, for instance, had an inoffensive meaning in the initial stages of its existence. In the early days of manorial system the word merely denoted a labourer. Two hundred years later it came to be associated with the gross manners of a lowly labourer and later on came to mean a perpetrator of evil because it was thought that a person in the lower rung of the social ladder lacked probity! Words that have suffered a similar fate are churl (from the root ceorl meaning countryman) and boor (from the Dutch word boer meaning peasant)
To a person living in 1400 AD stink and lust carried no pejorative meaning; they only meant smell and desire. Similarly the word doom meant judgement to the Britishers of the 14th century. This sense of the word is retained in the verb deem derived from the above-mentioned word. Would you believe that lewd originally meant "unlearned" or "ignorant" and that silly meant happy and then happened to have a changeover in meaning? While patriotism has a positive meaning its actual equivalent term nationalism has been attributed negative connotations for no good reason.
Words also have had the problem of mistaken identity. The word demean meant to conduct but due to the mistaken idea that it was connected with the adjective mean it happened to acquire the present meaning; and pester has come to have the present meaning through an etymological stumble making it seem to have come from pest. The word pester, before the twist in its meaning took place, meant to entangle.
Some people have been immortalized in the world of words but not very much to their liking. News of the kind of existence they have in the realm of words would make them squirm in their graves. The word dunce comes from the medieval philosopher Duns Scotus, whose adversaries were of the opinion that his work was insipid; gradually the word came to mean a wooden headed person, in other words, a fathead: boycott originates from Captain Boycott who was agent for the Irish estates of a certain English peer about the year 1880. He was notorious for his harsh treatment of the tenants; the Irish tenants planned to have him removed through a planned strike against him. This mode of treatment came to be known as boycott.
The word spoonerism has the most interesting history of all words. It comes from Spooner who is known for his speech defect of misplacing the first letters of words. When Spooner addressed a gathering of farmers he called them "tons of soil" and to a student who missed his history classes he said in an angry tone, " you hissed my mistory classes". It is said that in a conversation he called the well-known two-wheeled vehicle a "well boiled icicle" and a friend’s cottage as a "nosy little cook". He is also said to have talked about "tearful chidings". Spoonerism later came to be a generic term for such a speech defect. The Count de Sade is responsible for the existence of the word sadism; the sense of opprobrium that his name suggested due to his misdeeds continues to live on in this word.
And then there was a distinguished Roman general called Lucullus who was well known for his love of lavishness and opulence rather than anything else. Once when his servant had cooked unexceptional food because there was no guest the angry Lucullus said "dost thou not know that today Lucullus dines with Lucullus?" Hence lavishness has come to be equated with this Roman general in the word Lucullan.
Finally there is Eros, the Greek god of love (fortunately his name has not been associated with any negative overtones) who is however not as popular as the Roman god of love, Cupid. Words such as erotic come from this god of love. One interesting thing about Eros is that if you rearrange the letters you will get the word rose. Is that why lovers exchange roses? Probably yes.
So far we have seen how, in the case of many words, we human beings have contributed our mite to make the lives of words miserable. The situation can be reversed sometimes. For instance, if you look at a person’s face and say that his/ her face is appalling instead of using the word appealing (deliberately or accidentally, whichever is the case) imagine what your plight would be; what else? You will end up with black eye!

10 BIGGEST FALLS OF SENSEX

The Bombay Stock Exchange benchmark Sensex sank by 951 points on black Monday on panic selling by funds, triggered by weak global cues. Similarly, the wide-based National Stock Exchange's index Nifty dropped by 243 points to 4,503.
The government meanwhile said that Indian stock markets are taking cues from the United States and Asian markets, even though the sub-prime mortgage crisis has only moderately impacted the credit and financial flows into the country.
The 10 largest falls of the Sensex
1. Jan 21, 2008 --- - 1,408.35 points
2. Mar 17, 2008 --- - 951.03 points
3. Mar 3, 2008 ---- - 900.84
4. Jan 22, 2008 --- - 875.41 points
5. Feb 11, 2008 --- - 833.98 points
6. May 18, 2006 --- - 826.38 points
7. Mar 13, 2008 --- - 770.63 points
8. Dec 17, 2007 --- - 769.48 points
9. Oct 17, 2007 --- - 717.43 points
10. Jan 18, 2007 --- - 687.82 points
"The sub-prime mortgage market crisis will not directly affect us, because except one private sector bank, which has made its exposure, none of our public sector banks has any exposure to sub-prime mortgage market," Finance Minister P Chidambaram said in his reply to a debate on the Budget 2008-09 in Rajya Sabha.
"But, when crisis moved from sub-prime mortgage market to housing market, and now housing market to the credit market, there is impact upon India. There is impact in terms of credit flows and financial flows. But, at the moment, I believe that impact is second order impact and a moderate impact," he said.
As regards the stock markets, they take cues from developments in the US and Asian markets, he added. "In fact, we now have to track what is happening in Asian markets. Hong Kong, Tokyo and Shanghai open before Indian market opens, and if you watch closely, you will find what is happening in Asian markets is impacting the Indian stock market," he said

GK 3

1. The two volcanic islands in the Indian territory are:

(a) Kavaratti and New Moor(b) Bitra and Kavaratti(c) Pamban and Barren(d) Narcondam and Barren
2. The philosophy of Sufism is similar to the Hindu philosophy of:

(a) Karma (action) (b) Bhakti (devotion)(c) Kalpa (imagination) (d) Gyana (knowledge)
3. Which of the following Articles in the Indian Constitution deals with formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries and names of existing States?

(a) Article 1 (b) Article 2 (c) Article 3 (d) Article 4
4. A body is lifted by a man to a height of 1 m in 30 seconds. Another man lifts the same body to the same height in 60 seconds. The work done by them respectively are in the ratio of:

(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 1 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 4 : 1
5. The world's highest water fall is in:

(a) Brazil (b) USA (c) Venezuela (d) Zambia
6. Which one of the following countries has the oldest operating oil refinery?

(a) Kuwait (b) India (c) Indonesia (d) Venezuela
7. A factory for the processing of monazite has been constructed at:

(a) Alwaye (b) Gopalpur (c) Thumba (d) Trombay
8. With reference to the human consumption of alcohol, consider the following statements:

1. Liver is able to synthesize fats from alcohol.

2. Alcohol addiction results in the lowering of blood sugar.

3. In the Cirrhosis of liver, the liver cells are replaced by fibrous tissue.

4. In the liver, alcohol is converted into acetic acid.
Which of these statements are correct?

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4(b) 2, 3 and 4(c) 1 and 4(d) 1, 2 and 3
9. Consider the following forms of iron:

1. Pig iron

2. Wrought iron

3. Cast iron
What is the sequence of these in terms of descending order of their carbon content?

(a) 1, 2, 3 (b) 1, 3, 2 (c) 3, 2, 1 (d) 3, 1, 2
10. Among the following languages, which one has the highest number of speakers in the world?(a) English (b) Hindi (c) Portuguese (d) Spanish
11. The political leader Ajit Panja belongs to:

(a) Indian National Congress(b) Loktantrik Congress(c) Nationalist Congress Party(d) Trinamool Congress
12. If a person first inspires with his utmost effort and then expires also with maximum effort, the volume of air breathed out is called the:

(a) Expiratory Reserve Volume(b) Inspiratory Reserve Volume(c) Tidal Volume(d) Vital Capacity
13. In the map given above, the shaded area represents the grasslands locally known as:

(a) Downs (b) Llanos (c) Savanna (d) Velds
14. Consider the following dynasties:

1. Saluva

2. Sangama

3. Tuluva

4. Aravidu
What is the correct chronological sequence of these dynasties?

(a) 2, 1, 3, 4(b) 4, 3, 2, 1(c) 1, 2, 3, 4(d) 3, 4, 1, 2
15. The largest fresh water Lake in the world is:

(a) Baikal (b) Mansarovar(c) Michigan(d) Superior
16. The Vice-President of India is elected by:

(a) Members of Rajya Sabha only(b) Members of the Lok Sabha only(c) Members of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha(d) Members of the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and State Legislatures
17. The Constitution of India describes India as:

(a) a federation of States(b) Union of States(c) Confederation of States(d) a Unitary State
18. The product of the pressure and the volume of an ideal gas is:

(a) a constant(b) approximately equal to the universal gas constant(c) directly proportional to its temperature(d) inversely proportional to its temperature
19. With reference to Satavahanas of ancient India, consider the following statements:

1. King Simuka was succeeded by his brother Kanha.

2. The third king Satakarni was the son of Simuka.

3. Gautamiputra was succeeded by Yajna Sri Satakarni.
Which of these statements is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 only
20. The port especially developed for exporting iron ore to Japan is:

(a) Haldia(b) New Tuticorin(c) Paradeep (d) Vishakhapatnam
21. Which of the following carries out 'Open Market Operations'?

(a) Finance Ministry (b) External Affairs Ministry(c) Reserve Bank of India (d) Planning Commission
22. United Nations' Second World Conference on Ageing was held in April 2002 in:

(a) Geneva (b) Madrid (c) Rome (d) Vienna
23. Crayfish and Silverfish actually belong to the phylum:

(a) Arthropoda(b) Amphibia(c) Erachnida(d) Mollusca
24. Who among the following has been awarded Padma Bhushan recently?

(a) Robert D. Blackwill(b) Bill Clinton(c) Frank Pallone(d) Christina Rocca
25. Holding of elections for the Panchayats is decided by:

(a) the Election Commission(b) the State Government(c) the District Magistrate(d) the Union Government
26. Which one of the following is connected to a galvanometer when it is converted into an ammeter?

(a) Low resistance in series(b) High resistance in series(c) Low resistance in parallel(d) High resistance in parallel
27. In which one of the following soils is Saffron grown?

(a) Alluvial(b) Karewa (c) Hilly (d) Regur
28. The volcano Mt Vesuvius is in:

(a) Indonesia(b) Italy(c) Mexico(d) Philippines
29. In the human body, Henle's loop is found in:

(a) Intestine (b) Kidney (c) Ovary (d) Testis
30. Ashok Shandilya is a professional player of:

(a) Billiards (b) Golf (c) Squash (d) Volley-ball
31. Magnesium is present in:

(a) ascorbic acid (b) chlorophyll(c) hemoglobin(d) Vitamin B12
32. Who among the following are more in number in the world?

(a) Jains (b) Jews (c) Sikhs (d) Zoroastrians
33. Which one of the following was the eighth five year plan period in India?

(a) 1990-1995(b) 1992-1997(c) 1993-1998(d) 1994-1999
34. India's Foreign Exchange Reserves at present in $ billions are:

(a) more than 65(b) between 50 and 65(c) between 35 and 50(d) less than 35
Directions:

The following 7 (Seven) items consist of two statements, one labelled as 'Assertion (A)' and the other labelled as 'Reason (R)'. You are to examine these two statements carefully and decide if the 'Assertion (A)' and the 'Reason (R)' are individually true and if so, whether the 'Reason (R)' is the correct explanation for the given 'Assertion (A)'. Select your answers to these items using the codes given below and mark your answer sheet accordingly:
Codes:

(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A

(c) A is true but R is false

(d) A is false but R is true

35. Assertion (A) : Chandragupta Maurya failed in his first campaign against Magadh.Reason (R) : He did not begin with the frontiers, but invaded the heart of Magadh.
36. Assertion (A) : The Ganga Plain is the most densely populated part of India.

Reason (R) : The Ganga is the most harnessed river of India.
37. Assertion (A) : Graphite is used as a lubricant in machine industry.

Reason (R) : Graphite is soft and a good conductor of heat.
38. Assertion (A) : When a piece of rock is brought from the moon to the earth its mass changes.

Reason (R) : The gravitational pull of earth is stronger than that of moon.
39. Assertion (A) : Quit India Movement could not achieve its goal.

Reason (R) : The government of the day adopted a very repressive policy.
40. Assertion (A) : In the initial stages of the rise of Buddhism, the people of Magadha did not respond readily to the new religion.

Reason (R) : At that time, Magadha was placed outside the pale of the holy Aryavarta.
41. Assertion (A) : Jayachandra did not help Prithiviraj Chauhan in his war against Shahabuddin Ghori.

Reason (R) : He thought if the power of Chauhans were destroyed it would clear the way for his own supremacy in the North.
42. The Purusha Sukta which refers to the origin of caste is found in:

(a) the Atharva Veda (b) the Rig Veda(c) the Sama Veda (d) the Yajur Veda
43. The song "Bande Mataram" was originally composed in:

(a) Assamese (b) Bengali (c) Hindi (d) Sanskrit
44. Which one of the following countries was never taken over by any European power as a colony?

(a) Brunei (b) Indonesia (c) Thailand (d) Singapore
45. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?

(a) Mahendravarman I : Sanchi Stupa

(b) Pulakesin II : Rameswaram temple

(c) Harsha : Brahadisvara temple

(d) Rajendra I : Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple
46. Match List I (Institutes) with List II (Locations) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:
List I List II(Institutes) (Locations)

A. National Council of 1. PuneApplied ManpowerResearch
B. Indira Gandhi Institute 2. New Delhiof Development Research
C. Centre for Development 3. MumbaiStudies
D. Gokhale Institute of 4. ThiruvananthapuramPolitical Economy
Codes :A B C D

(a) 1 4 3 2(b) 2 4 3 1(c) 2 3 4 1(d) 1 3 4 2
47. Among the following Union Territories of India, which one has the largest size?

(a) Pondicherry(b) Lakshadweep(c) Daman and Diu(d) Chandigarh
48. Consider the following Companies/Corporations:

1. Engineers India Ltd.

2. Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd.

3. Rural Electrification Corporation

4. Water and Power Consultancy Services
Which of these are Public Sector Undertakings?

(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 4(c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
49. Consider the following mountain ranges:

1. Ladakh Range

2. Karakoram

3. Greater Himalayas

4. Zanskar Range
What is the correct sequence of these from south to north?

(a) 3, 4, 1, 2(b) 3, 1, 4, 2(c) 4, 2, 3, 1(d) 4, 3, 2, 1
50. The Chief Minister of a State in India is NOT eligible to vote in the Presidential Election if:

(a) he/she is a caretaker Chief Minister(b) he/she himself/herself is the candidate(c) he/she is yet to prove majority on the floor of the Lower House of the State Legislature(d) he/she is a member of the Upper House of the State Legislature
51. A decibel is:

(a) a musical instrument(b) a musical note(c) the wavelength of noise(d) a measure of sound level
52. Which one of the following States ranks first in milk procurement in India?

(a) Punjab(b) Gujarat(c) Haryana(d) Maharashtra
53. Consider the following statements:

1. The Ministry of Finance is in charge of monetarypolicy in India.

2. The Ministry of External Affairs is in charge offoreign exchange rate determination in India.

3. The Ministry of Commerce puts forward the Export-Import Policy in India.

4. The Planning Commission prepares the AnnualBudget of the Government.
Which of the statements is/are correct?

(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 2 and 4
54. The density of population in India, per sq km., according to the Census, 2001 is:

(a) 304 (b) 324 (c) 344 (d) 364
55. The constituent Assembly of India was set up under:

(a) Cabinet Mission Plan(b) Wavell Plan(c) Mountbatten Plan(d) Indian Independence Act
56. Who among the following great cricketers did NOT belong to West Indies Test team?

(a) Frank Worell(b) Gary Alexander(c) Ken Barrington(d) Sony Ramadhin
57. Which one of the following taxes is levied by the Union and collected and appropriated by the States?

(a) Passenger and Goods Tax(b) Estate Duty(c) Stamp Duties(d) Taxes on Newspapers
58. The shaded area in the above map of India shows the distribution of:

(a) Gram(b) Ragi(c) Tur (Pegion-pea)(d) Wheat
59. The capital of the British Indian Empire was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi because:

(a) Delhi was located at the centre of the Empire(b) the climate of Delhi was more suitable for Europeans(c) Calcutta was the hotbed of revolutionaries(d) Delhi was the traditional seat of Imperial powers
60. Which of the following vetoes are available to the President of India in relation to bills?

1. Absolute2. Qualified3. Suspensive4. Pocket
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
Codes:(a) 1 and 2(b) 1 and 3(c) 2, 3 and 4(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
61. Among the following, the predominantly deep-sea animals are:

(a) Fish (b) Dolphins(c) Whales (d) Turtles
62. An Inter-State Council was set up in 1990 under Article 263 of the Constitution by the:

(a) President(b) Parliament(c) Government (d) Planning Commission
63. The Government of India's current holding in VSNL is:

(a) less than 29%(b) between 29% and 39%(c) between 39% and 51%(d) more than 51%
64. During the financial year 2001-2002 India's foodgrain exports were:

(a) more than 70 lakh tonnes(b) between 55 and 70 lakh tonnes(c) between 40 and 55 lakh tonnes(d) less than 40 lakh tonnes
65. To elect the President of India, which one of the following election procedures is used?

(a) Proportional representation through List System

(b) Secondary voting system

(c) System of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote

(d) Collective voting system with proportional representation for Union and States
66. Consider the following historical personalities:

1. Abdur Razzak2. Edordo Zarbosa3. Marco Polo4. Nicolo di Conti
What is the correct chronological order in which they visited India?

(a) 4, 1, 2, 3(b) 3, 4, 1, 2(c) 2, 3, 4, 1(d) 1, 2, 3, 4
67. Match List I (Chemicals) with List II (Application) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:
List I List II(Chemicals) Application)

A. Sodium Carbonate 1. Photography

B. Sodium Bicarbonate 2. Washing

C. Sodium Peroxide 3. Baking

D. Sodium Thiosulphate 4. Source of Oxygen
Codes :A B C D

(a) 2 3 1 4(b) 3 2 4 1(c) 2 3 4 1(d) 3 2 1 4
68. Which of the following is called a 'banker's' cheque?

(a) Demand draft(b) Debit card(c) Pay order(d) Fixed deposit
69. Which one of the following hormones is a steroid?

(a) Cortisone (b) Glucagon(c) Insulin (d) Oxytocin
70. The ratio of external debt to GDP in India as of the year 2001 is around:

(a) 11 per cent(b) 21 per cent(c) 29 per cent(d) 39 per cent
71. Consider the following statements regarding Afghanistan:

1. Kandhar lies to the north of Ghazni

2. Herat lies near the border of Iran

3. Helmund river is a tributary of the Indus

4. Mazar-e-Sharif lies to the north of Kabul
Which of the above statements are correct?

(a) 1 and 2(b) 2 and 3(c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 4
72. Lord Curzon is best known for which of the following?

(a) Universities Act of 1904(b) Partition of Bengal in 1905(c) Indian Councils Act of 1892(d) Government of India Act of 1909
73. Which one of the following countries was in news recently for its default on $ 155 billion public debt, the largest such default by any country in history?

(a) Angola(b) Argentina(c) Venezuela(d) Yugoslavia
74. The total number of members in the Legislative Council of a State shall not exceed:

(a) one-fourth of the total members in the Legislative Assembly(b) two-third of the total members in the Legislative Assembly(c) half of the total members in the Legislative Assembly(d) one-third of the total members in the Legislative Assembly
75. Summers in Western Europe are warmer than those in Eastern Europe because of:

(a) the influence of the warm ocean current(b) the influence of bright sunshine(c) the lower mountainous terrain(d) peninsular nature of the continent
76. Consider the following substances:

1. Pectin2. Lignin3. Cutin4. Chitin
Which of these substances occur in plant cell wall?

(a) 1, 2 and 3(b) 1, 2, 3 and 4(c) 1, 2 and 4(d) 3 and 4
77. In medieval India, what was the name given to the Letter of Credit payable after a certain period?

(a) Hundi(b) Kharaj(c) Patta(d) Qubuliyatnama
78. Match List I (Deserts) with List II (Country) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:

List I List II(Deserts) (Country)

A. Gibson 1. Argentina

B. Karakum 2. Turkmenistan

C. Patagonia 3. Australia

D. Sonara 4. Mexico
Codes :A B C D

(a) 4 1 2 3(b) 3 2 1 4(c) 3 1 2 4(d) 4 2 1 3
79. Weightlessness experienced while orbiting the earth in a spaceship is a result of:

(a) acceleration(b) centre of gravity(c) inertia(d) zero gravity
80. In which part of the Constitution are Emergency Provisions provided?

(a) Part XVIII (b) Part XIX(c) Part XX (d) Part XXI
81. Consider the names of the following four Speakers of Lok Sabha:

1. G.S. Mavalankar

2. Hukam Singh

3. Shivraj Patil

4. Balram Jakhar
What is the correct chronological order in which they served Lok Sabha?

(a) 1, 2, 3, 4(b) 2, 3, 4, 1(c) 1, 2, 4, 3(d) 2, 4, 3, 1
82. Consider the following statements:
The three Movements of Gandhi were named variously as, the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Quit India Movement because:

1. Gandhi wanted to attract the Indian masses to hismovements by giving it a different name each time.

2. When a movement failed, he did not want to use thesame name for his new movement.

3. Each movement was more rigorous than the previousone.

4. Gandhi prepared the masses slowly from non-cooperating in 1921 to telling the British to quit Indiain 1942.
Which of these statements are correct?

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4(b) 2 and 3(c) 1, 2 and 4(d) 3 and 4
83. With reference to human beings, consider the following enzymes:

1. Carboxypeptidase2. Lipase3. Maltase4. Sucrase
Which of these are found in pancreatic juice?

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4(b) 2, 3 and 4(c) 1, 3 and 4(d) 1 and 2
84. Which among the following sectors received the largest Central plan outlay in the last few Central Government annual budgets?

(a) Energy(b) Agriculture and Allied Activities(c) Social Services(d) Communication
85. Particles emitted from a radioactive material are observed to be deflected in a magnetic field. These particles may be:

(a) electrons(b) protons(c) neutrons(d) electrons and protons
1. (d)
2. (b)
3. (b)
4. (c)
5. (c)
6. (b)
7. (a)
8. (c)
9. (b)
10. (a)
11. (d)
12. (c)
13. (a)
14. (c)
15. (d)
16. (c)
17. (b)
18. (a)
19. (c)
20. (c)
21. (c)
22. (b)
23. (a)
24. (c)
25. (a)
26. (c)
27. (b)
28. (b)
29. (b)
30. (a)
31. (a)
32. (b)
33. (b)
34. (b)
35. (d)
36. (b)
37. (d)
38. (a)
39. (a)
40. (a)
41. (a)
42. (b)
43. (b)
44. (a)
45. (d)
46. (c)
47. (a)
48. (d)
49. (a)
50. (d)
51. (d)
52. (c)
53. (c)
54. (b)
55. (a)
56. (c)
57. (c)
58. (d)
59. (a)
60. (c)
61. (c)
62. (a)
63. (a)
64. (a)
65. (c)
66. (b)
67. (c)
68. (a)
69. (a)
70. (b)
71. (d)
72. (b)
73. (b)
74. (d)
75. (a)
76. (a)
77. (a)
78. (b)
79. (d)
80. (a)
81. (c)
82. (d)
83. (d)
84. (a)
85. (d)

GK 2

1. Which of the following agencies plans to build a nationwide grid of supercomputers called I-Grid?

(a) Simputer computers (b) C-DAC (c) NIIT(d) Infosys

2. Name the satellites launched by NASA to investigate the earth's gravity?

(a) Dennis (b) Garfield (c) Tom and Jerry (d) Peanuts

3. The South Asian Travel and Tourism Exchange Conference was held at which of the following places?

(a) Chennai (b) Tokyo (c) Bangalore (d) Delhi

4. Name the newly launched entertainment robot of Sony:

(a) Alfa Roman (b) Multipla (c) Robio (d) Flatirm

5. Name the company planning to introduce Genetically Modified Mustard seeds in India?

(a) Maharashtra Hybrid Seed Corporation (b) Proagro (c) Bt. Must (d) None of these

6. The biggest textile fair of Asia known as Hemi textile was held in:

(a) Japan (b) India (c) Sri Lanka (d) Indonesia

7. Name the first Internet company to figure in annual fortune 500:

(a) Satyam (b) Arzoo (c) AOL (d) Infi

8. Name the first American President who modelled for Van Huesan Shirts:

(a) Jimmy Carter (b) Ronald Reagan (c) George Bush (d) William J. Clinton

9. Name the first bank to launch a card especially for doctors in India:

(a) Punjab National Bank (b) Dena Bank (c) State Bank of India(d) IOB

10. "Smooth as Silk" is a punchline used by _____ airline:

(a) Singapore (b) Thai (c) Quantas (d) Cathay Pacific

11. Who has authored the book 'Beyond the Last Blue Mountain'?

(a) Swaraj Paul (b) Ajit Haksar (c) Anil Ambani (d) JRD Tata

12. Who among the following has founded the organization 'World Economic Forum'?

(a) Klaus Schwab (b) William J. Clinton (c) Amartya Sen and Mehboob Haq (d) All of these

13. The new name of Jardine Matheson and Waffoong is:

(a) ANZ Grindley (b) Standard Chartered (c) Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (d) Vyasa Bank

14. Which home appliance company has introduced the concept of hire and purchase?

(a) Singer Sewing Machine (b) Usha home appliances (c) Inalsa (d) Bajaj home appliances

15. Name the Parle Brand that takes Britannia's 50-50 biscuits:

(a) Monaco (b) Krack Jack (c) Parle-G (d) None of these

16. Name the trade organization founded by G.D. Birla and Purshottam Thakur in 1927:

(a) CII (b) PhdCC (c) Assoc ham (d) FICCI

17. Name the car brand of GM named after the founder of Detroit:

(a) Rolls Royce (b) Hamriza (c) Cadillac (d) None of the above

18. FiFi awards are given in_____industry:

(a) Film (b) Home Appliances (c) Automobiles (d) Perfumes

19. In which year the first insurance company 'The Calcutta Insurance' was established in India?

(a) 1758 (b) 1798 (c) 1768 (d) 1788

20. Name the Indo-US joint venture life insurance company which launched its operation in India in April 2001:

(a) ICICI Prudential (b) Bajaj Alliance (c) Max Life New York (d) All of the above

21. Through school quiz, Nestle company is promoting a brand known as:

(a) Bournvita (b) Maggie (c) Soyabisc (d) All of these

22. Which corporation now owns the brand Rolls Royce?

(a) GM (b) BMW (c) Daewoo(d) None of the above

23. 'Transporting Goods, transforming lives' is the adline of:

(a) Shipping Corporation of India Ltd. (b) Stock Holding Corporation of India (c) State Bank of India (d) Container Corporation of India

24. Which international company's logo is made up of exactly 42 dots?

(a) Max (b) Sony (c) Videocon (d) Whirlpool

25. International Advertising film festival is organized annually at:

(a)Shanghai (b) Washington (c)Cannes(d) Paris

26. Name the official sponsor of French open tennis championship:

(a) Nike de Paris (b) Banque National de Paris (c) Adidas Paris (d) Richie inte d' Paris

27. Which Indian city is known as the Manchester of South?

(a) Kochi (b) Coimbatore (c) Lonavala (d) Chennai

28. The Tatas take over charge of the Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd. after acquiring______per cent stake in the telecom major for Rs 1439 crore:

(a) 46(b) 75(c) 25(d) 26

29. Which of the following State do not fall among the Cauvery Basin State?

(a) Tamil Nadu (b) Karnataka (c) Kerala (d) Maharashtra

30. The management control of Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd will be given to which of the following company?

(a) The Tatas (b) The Reliance Petroleum Ltd (c) The IOC (d) The Chatterjee Soros Group

31. India's first ethanol blended fuel project was launched in:

(a) Pune (b) Miraj (c) Nasik (d) Bareilly

32. Which country is the largest importer of Indian marine products?

(a) Thailand (b) Indonesia (c) Russia (d) Japan

33. "Started a family, son attends University, loved ones falls ill, birth of a grand daughter" is the baseline used by____company:

(a) Life Insurance Corporation (b) General Insurance Corporation (c) Allianz Bajaj Life Insurance Corporation (d) Standard Chart Life Insurance Corporation

34. Name the first Indian woman to graduate from Harvard University:

(a) Dr Indira Nath (b) Naina Lal Kidwai (c) Parmeshwar Godrej (d) Sarojini Naidu

35. Asia week, the Hong Kong-based weekly which closed down was owned by:

(a) AOL Time Warner (b) Indiatimes.com (c) Express Group(d) None of the above

36. In which advertisement do you find 'software that powers the Internet':

(a) Wipro (b) Oracle (c) Infosys (d) Sun Microsystems

37. Name the biggest tenant of New York World Trade Centre at the time of the 2001, September 11th attack:

(a) IMF (b) Morgan Stanley (c) IBRD (d) NASDAQ

38. Name the first country to ban the import, sale and manufacture of chewing gum:

(a) Hong Kong (b) Singapore (c) Netherlands(d) Thailand

39. Who among the following has founded the Heal the World foundation?

(a) Pt Ravi Shankar (b) Bhimsen Joshi (c) Madonna (d) Michael Jackson

40. Name the company which has the world's largest retail outlet:

(a) Walmart (b) Harrods (c) Woolworth Corp (d) Louis Phillipe

41. Name the first country to have an electronic Parliament:

(a) Singapore (b) Thailand (c) Japan (d) Hong Kong

42. Name the first Indian singer to earn royalty for records:

(a) Asha Bhonsle (b) Lata Mangeshkar (c) R.D. Burman (d) Nadeem Shravan

43. In 1952 Morris Motors and Austin Motors merged and were renamed as:

(a) British Motor Corporation (b) General Motors (c) Austin Morris Motors (d) British Morris Motors

44. Ashok Leyland is owned by_____group:

(a) Hinduja (b) Ambani (c) Godrej (d) Tata

45. Name India's first Euro 11 complete car:

(a) Matiz (b) Santro (c) Ambassador (d) Indica

46. 'The man of substance' is the promotional logo of which suiting shirting?

(a) Raymond (b) Graviera (c) Van Huesan (d) Louise Phillipe

47. Mohan Bagan football tournament is promoted by:

(a) Shaw Wallace (b) Mohan Meakens (c) McDowell (d) Seamars

48. 'Bite the Bullet' is a book written by:

(a) Ajit Haksar (b) K.R. Narayanan (c) Mukesh Ambani (d) both (a) and (c)

49. 'Give Earth a Chance' is the caption launched for:

(a) World Population Day 2002 (b) World Environment Day 2002 (c) World Environment Day 2001 (d) World Habitat Day 2002

50. 'Ethics for the New Millennium' is a book written by:

(a) Dalai Lama (b) Tiger Woods (c) Hillary Clinton (d) Andrew Miller


1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11.(d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (b)
16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (c)
26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (d)
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (a)
36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (d) 40. (a)
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (d)
46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (b) 50. (a)

GK 1

1. 'Destination India', conference on commerce and trade was organised at:
(a) Zurich (b) Bangalore (c) Singapore (d) Tokyo
2. According to a survey by Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry which of the following countries tops the list on labour productivity:
(a) India (b) Luxembourg (c) Belgium (d) France
3. India's first Asset Reconstruction Company's road map was prepared by
:(a) SBI (b) IDBI (c) ICICI (d) HDFC
4. Which of the following country is the new member of International Coffee Organisation?
(a) India (b) Sri Lanka (c) Kenya (d) Vietnam
5. Who among the following headed the Indo-UK Round Table conference held at London to strengthen bilateral ties between the two countries?
(a) Swaraj Paul (b) Jaswant Singh(c) K.C. Pant (d) Yashwant Sinha
6. 'Diva' a specially ! ! designed women's international credit card has been launched by:
(a) Federal Bank (b) Standard Chartered Bank(c) Dresdner Bank (d) ABN-Amro Bank
7. Richard Grasso is the head of:
(a) NASDAQ(b) London Stock Exchange(c) New York Stock Exchange(d) Dubai Stock Exchange
8. 'Indiva' is the multipurpose vehicle, launched by____at the international motorshow in Geneva.
(a) TELCO (b) BAJAJ and SIL (c) LML (d) HONDA
9. Match the following Company/organisation Chief Executive Officer
I. General Electricals A. Harvey Pitt
II. Star Alliance B. S. Devarajah
III. Securities and C. Jeff Immelt Exchange Commission D. Cheong Choong Kong
IV. Manufacturer's Association of Information Technology Code:
I II III IV
(a) A B C D(b) B A C D(c) C D B A(d) D C A B
10. Nokia Corporation, the leading mobile phone makers is a___based company.
(a) USA (b) Japan (c) Philippines (d) Finland! !
11. ICENET is the network connecting the offices of the:
(a) Central Board of Excise and Customs(b) State Bank of India(c) Human Resource Ministry(d) External Affairs Ministry
12. Geographical Information System Software known as 'Gram Chitra' was unveiled by:
(a) C-DAC (b) Media Labs Asia(c) Satyam Infoway (d) Honda
13. The Kofi Annan Institute for IT Excellence, has been set by India at____:
(a) Kenya (b) Guatemala (c) Ghana (d) Durban
14. India's first Defence Intelligence Agency became operational in___2002.
(a) June (b) March (c) April (d) May
15. The first hydel project in Andaman and Nicobar islands has been commissioned by:
(a) NHPC (b) Dabhol Power Corporation(c) BHEL (d) NTPC
16. First Indian Laboratory (and India to be the 26th country) to be accredited by the College of American Pathology is:
(a) Cipla lab (b) Speciality Ranbaxy Ltd(c) Zydu! ! s Cadila Ltd (d) Sun Pharma lab
17. Smart Kid Insurance policy has been launched for students by:
(a) Tata-AIG (b) SBI-Cardif(c) ICICI Prudential (d) LICI
18. Who among the following has been appointed as the chairman of Central Electricity Authority:
(a) J.L. Bajaj (b) H.L. Bajaj(c) Y.N. Prasad (d) J.L. Raina
19. Chilka Development Authority, the first organisation in the Asian subcontinent to receive Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award for the year 2002 is in:
(a) Kerala (b) Orissa (c) Assam (d) Uttaranchal
20. The chief architect of Ganga Action Plan, an environmentalist and recipient of various awards died recently. Name him.
(a) Md. Bazzi (b) Arshad-uz-Zaman(c) Dr T.N. Khoshro (d) George Soros
21. CBE-2002 a NATO exercise by Canada, Greece, Hungary, Turkey, UK and US was launched in____, for NATO peace programme.
(a) Georgia (b) Angola (c) Durban (d) Ireland
22. 2002 MN is the name of:
(a) Supercomputer (b) Asteroid(c) Spacecraft (d) Star
23. 'Orange Prize' is given in the field of:
(a) literature (b) sports (c) medicine (d) acting
24. In the global tea production, India accounts for____per cent of tea production.
(a) 27 (b) 26.7 (c) 24.3 (d) 27.7
25. USA has signed a legislation to protect the country from biological terrorist attack worth:
(a) $ 4.6 billion (b) $ 6 billion(c) $ 7 billion (d) $ 8 billion
26. World day to combat desertification and drought is observed on:
(a) June 17 (b) June 20 (c) April 17 (d) July 20
27. Name the robot spacecraft, launched by NASA to observe frozen core of comets.
(a)! ! Contour (b) Odyssey (c) Dumar (d) Columbia
28. Blue Ocean, the World's most powerful Supercomputer, is specifically designed for:
(a) NASA(b) US Naval Oceanographic office(c) US Federal Reserve Bank(d) US Intelligence Agency
29. To review the disclosure and investor protection guidelines, a committee was constituted by SEBI under:
(a) T.N. Chaturvedi (b) A.K. Basu(c) N.J. Reddy (d) Y.H. Malegam
30. First State to introduce a life insurance scheme covering 1.2 crore students and three lakh teachers is:
(a) Karnataka (b) Madhya Pradesh(c) Maharashtra (d) Rajasthan
31. Hrithik Roshan has turned down an offer to act in the Warner Brother's film,____due to unavailability of dates.
(a) Escape from Taliban(b) Hamlet(c) Three Wall(d) Hey Ram! Genocide in the land of Gandhi
32. "The Shade of Swords" is a book written by:
(a) M.J. Akbar (b) Manil Suri(c) Urmila Lanba! ! (d) Vasant Potdar
33. India's first Jan Shatabdi Express between Mumbai-Goa was commenced on:
(a) April 16, 2002 (b) April 20, 2002(c) June 20, 2002 (d) June 16, 2002
34. Who among the following has been appointed as the chairman of IIM Ahmedabad:
(a) Y.C. Deveshwar (b) N.R. Narayana Murthy(c) Sanjiv Gupta (d) M. Damodaran
35. Automobile Industry's man of the year 2002 is:
(a) Carlos Ghoshn (Japan) (b) Dr Mark Faber(c) Dr Doom (d) Lious Haochuang
36. Who among the following has been named as the White Lightning in the cricket?
(a) Adam Parore (New Zealand)(b) Allan Donald (South Africa)(c) Ben Hollioake (Australia)(d) Dion Nash (New Zealand)
37. Which Indian cricketer has bagged a deal with ESPN?
(a) Md Kaif (b) Yuvraj(c) Sachin Tendulkar (d) Anil Kumble
38. Who among the following is the official sponsors of the Indian team at the Asian Games to be held ! ! in Busan, South Korea?
(a) Phillips (b) Sahara (c) LG (d) Samsung
39. '24 Brand Mantras', is a book written by:
(a) Bimal Chowdhary (b) Shiv Khera(c) Arindam R. Chowdhary (d) Jagdeep Kapoor
40. Ist developing country in the world to make use of fire optics technology is:
(a) China (b) Japan (c) India (d) Vietnam
41. Defence Research and Development Organisation was formed in the year:
(a) 1980 (b) 1958 (c) 1956 (d) 1975
42. Who among the following has been appointed as the President of the flagship channel Zee TV:
(a) Apurva Purohit (b) Pritish Nandi(c) Jitendra K. Singh (d) Raghu Rai
43. India's first commercially manufactured sports car is:
(a) Reeva (b) Indigo (c) Sedan (d) Fibro
44. How many new railway zones have been notified by the Railway Ministry in July 2002:
(a) 10 (b) 8 (c) 14 (d) 5
45. Name the quarterly magazine, launched by The Time Grou! ! p.
(a) Bindia (b) b-drive(c) businessdrive.com (d) none of these
46. According to Economic Intelligence Unit, maximum amount of FDI is received by:
(a) India (b) China (c) South Korea (d) Brazil
47. European Union Summit was held in Slovenia at:
(a) Bled (b) Geory (c) Repti (d) Ottowom
48. Transport Research and Injury Prevention Programme was awarded the Stockholm award and is unveiled by:
(a) IIT, Kanpur (b) IIT, Delhi(c) IIT, Kharagpur (d) IIT, Chennai
49. Alvaro Silva Calderon was appointed as the Secretary General of:
(a) OPEC (b) FIEO (c) NACO (d) AIMPLB
50. ASEAN was set up in the year:
(a) 1985 (b) 1975 (c) 1967 (d) 1958



ANSWERS









1. (a)
2. (b)
3. (c)
4. (d)
5. (c)
6. (b)
7. (c)
8. (a)
9. (c)
10. (d)
11. (a)
12. (b)
13. (c)
14. (c)
15. (a)
16. (b)
17. (a)
18. (b)
19. (b)
20. (c)
21. (a)
22. (b)
23. (a)
24. (d)
25. (a)
26. (a)
27. (a)
28. (b)
29. (d)
30. (a)
31. (b)
32. (a)
33. (a)
34. (b)
35. (a)
36. (b)
37. (c)
38. (d)
39. (d)
40. (c)
41. (c)
42. (a)
43. (a)
44. (d)
45. (b)
46. (c)
47. (a)
48. (b)
49. (a)
50. (c)

HOW PANELISTS RATE YOU IN A GD?

How many times have you seen a candidate yelling at the top of his/ her voice during a Group Discussion?
It is a sureshot way to ruin his/ her chances of getting admission to a top B-School. We feature the more common gaffes students make that could ensure a speedy exit and elimination from a GD, as well as the evaluation sheet used by panelists to judge your performance.
List of don’ts for your GD~ Project a shabby image by wearing wrinkled clothes and unpolished shoes.
~ Start clarifying the meaning of the topic from the examiner as soon as it is announced.
~ As soon as the GD starts, jump into the fray with wrong facts and figures.
~ Sit on the fence throughout the discussion.
It is advisable to take a stand (in favour or against the topic), as this will help you be more aggressive in the GD.
~ Never agree to anyone else’s point of view. Disagreement with everyone will guarantee you more enemies.
~ Resort to negative body language; sit with your arms and legs crossed, stare at your GD members, point fingers at others, make a fist at another and sit at the edge of the chair.
~ Maintain a sardonic smile on your face throughout the GD. This will seem, to the examiners, that you feel superior to the other members of the group.
~ Do not let fellow candidates speak and, if someone is making a good point, interrupt him/her mid-way and put forth a completely unrelated point.
~ Use words like yaar, um, etc, at every juncture and use abbreviations and acronyms, without explaining them. This will alienate you from the group.
~ Make wisecracks, in the hope of showing off your wit.
~ Yawn or maintain a blank look on your face.
~ Give subjective opinions which are not supported by facts or figures.
~ Only listen, and never speak.
GD evaluation sheet for panelists
The weightage of evaluating parameters varies from B-School to B-School, but the general framework more or less remains the same.
We have attempted to reproduce the actual criteria used in Group Discussions to top B-Schools, which is circulated to the respective evaluators before the start of a Group Discussion.
You can download this sheet, which comprises three parts:
i. Evaluation table with parameters
ii. Rating key
iii. Instructions for panelists to help eliminate subjectivity

1.Tell me something about yourself

This statement is usually made at the beginning of the formal part of interview. Do not just repeat what you have given in your resume. Be ready with the answer, a talent or something you did out of the ordinary. You can sound it as unique or give it a touch of your personality. "Tell me, starting with school, and progressing through the jobs that you have held about what you have been doing. Include any accomplishments, and bring you up to the present.
2. How did you hear about this position?

This answer demonstrates the the quality of your sources of Information. Be specific and give a straight answer of how you came to know about the vacancy. If it was advertised specify how you came across it or if your neighbour happens to be the chairperson and CEO of the organization you are meeting with (or other employee), do not hesitate to mention he or she told you about the opening.
3. What is the reason you are planning to leave the organization?

Be careful that your motivation is not totally selfish. Don't tell that the present company would not give you any increment or promotion. You should give two or three reasons for leaving like lack of challenge, focus on the limitations etc. Point out your ambition to prove your worth confidently. Be reliable to your answer. Consider reasons you may have included in your cover letter, on the application. Your tone and your nonverbal signals while giving answer is very important. You need to be comfortable and confident with the answer , regardless of what you say.
4. Are you looking for a permanent or temporary Job?

This question is little tricky. If you say the wrong answer, the interviewer pull you out of the box. Try to get an information about the type of post is available there.
5. What were your positions, Salary, dates of employment for the past years?

Usually this question is asked in an employment application. Be consistent in the details on the application as well as on the resume . Take care while giving the details about salary because it may repeat in the personal interview and you must provide the same answer. Otherwise your credibility may be questioned due to the dissimilarity. Moreover if you are appointed, some employers may ask you to provide a most recent copy of your salary voucher to confirm the accuracy of your stated salary.
6. Can we contact your references /present/former employers?

If you are not resigned from the present job, you definitely do not let your present employer know about job search. If you have given your present boss as your reference, tell that you prefer to call your current boss only after you receive a confirmed offer, as he may not like you changing the job.
7. How do you feel about your career progress to date?

To be frank, explain your satisfaction up to a point and meanwhile try to let them know that the same point is the reason for deciding to move on in this direction now.
8. How would you describe your own personality?

It is better to review the first section of your personal worksheet that you have completed earlier. Ask to your friends, family and colleagues what words could be used to describe you. It is advisable to create a definition which is needed to fill the position and cite your characteristics that support your candidacy. Your answer should be 2-3 minutes long, remember that more questions will be asked, which will allow you to go into more detail about you.
9. Have you received any other job offers?

Employers like applicants who are actively sought by others. A positive answer can show that you are efficient. A positive answer should be true as it may be verified. Once you admit that you have other offers pending, you need to be careful while giving the information. But don't disclose too much about the offers.
10. We find gaps in your resume. What were you doing this time?

It depends on the situation and what you did while you were not employed. You should be prepared to answer the question before hand. Make your answer crisp, brief and focused on the point and but do not be defensive. If you have period of unemployment on your resume, be prepared to answer further questions about it. If the gap is for a personal or family, avoid details about it and simply state that due to family or personal reasons you were unable to work for a period .
11. What do you do with your spare time?

The interviewer is looking for some insight into your personality by asking the question. If you say something be ready to answer more question on the topic.
12. Describe a major goal you have set for yourself?

Plan the answer carefully. Select a imperative project either professional or personal. It can be concerned with education, job or some personal development program. A goal related to job is preferable because it portray the fact that you are very serious about a career and a job.
13. Why do you want to work for this organization?

This may take some thought and should be based on the research you have done on the organization. Sincerity is extremely important here and will easily be sensed. Talk about products, services, history and people, especially any friends that work there. Also relate it to your long-term career goals. Honesty is the best policy, compliment the company, point out one specific qualification you posses.
14. How long would you expect to work for us if selected?

Don't specify any time frame. Make them sure that you are willing to work for a long time. Something like this should work: I'd like it to be a long time. Or As long as we both feel I'm doing a good job.
15. What are your strong points?

What are your weak points?Be Positive and take this opportunity to let the employer know about your strong points. Try to include the points that are relevant for the position and also important for you. Loyalty, a strong work ethic, good interpersonal and communication skills , a project and result orientation are all personal characteristics that interviewers love to hear. Do not be as open with your weakness as with your strong points. Your weakness should be a honest assessment of an area in which you lack experience or need to improve upon. Don't mention that you are always late, and unable to deal with people well etc.
16. Have you ever been denied a salary increase?

The Answer " Yes" denotes you are a person with a problem, regardless of the situation of the company you are working. Being denied a salary increase and not getting the salary increment is different. So Be careful about your answer and it is always recommended to give a negative reply.
17. What do you know about the position for which you are applying?

It is always advisable to figure out some details about the organization and post for which you are applying. Basic research is the only way to prepare for this question. Take this as a best opportunity to show the depth of your knowledge about the position. If you have a lot of information, try to explain it in a few words but with confidence. Lack of knowledge about the position will create a bad impression on your employers.
18. Would you describe a few situations in which your work was criticized?

Your answer to this question gives an opportunity to the interviewer to get an idea about your ability to communicate effectively, your tolerance to criticism, the environment in which you have been working etc. Give only one, but portray them as being born out by the situation itself. Tell how you have corrected or plan to correct your work.
19. You may be over-qualified or too experienced for the position we have to offer

This question is put to you to puzzle a candidate. Be calm and answer the question with a positive and confident approach. Getting a candidate who has more experienced than required is worth for the employer. Try to answer like this "My experience and qualification will just help me to do the job better. Moreover I am at establishing a long term relationship which my qualification will favor me to handle more responsibilities and help me to rise to your expectations."
20. What is your greatest accomplishment?

If possible, try to tell an accomplishment which is related to your job like taking a great risk to get the project and and make it work. For this a deep review of your career life is required. if you note some solid accomplishments as well, you may be able to make the jump onto a recruiter's short list. If you don't have anything to say related to your job, go for your family or personal life achievement such as building a house, completing your degree etc. Narrate the things as a small story with a short and clear manner.